Facebook and Events Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Facebook and Events Management - Essay Example To answer the above question, the researcher can go to either quantitative research, qualitative or the mixture of both researches. The patterns of these methodologies are quite different from each other (Creswell, 2003). One of the possible methods for the researcher to conduct this research is Quantitative research approach. Quantitative research focuses on the numerical data or the data which can be converted into numeric form (Sekaran, 2006). Using this technique, primary and secondary data could be collected through various sources (Stewart, 1993). Here secondary data would include the past facts and figures regarding the uses of facebook by marketers for promoting their events. For that purpose, the researcher can collect the data through past researches available in local and online libraries. The data might also be taken directly by the Data collection organizations such as Gallup and AC Nielsen. The researcher can collect the relevant data by these organizations at a minimal cost. In addition to that, various other authentic websites are available which can provide the relevant figures for our research. Moreover, the researcher can also collect secondary data using Newspaper, magazines and other similar periodicals. The primary data can be collected with the help of different data collection tools like questionnaires or surveys. This method would project the number of marketers who will be promoting their events using facebook. However the method is totally based on the past growth rates and does not account the current attitudes and behaviors of marketers towards facebook. For instance, the marketers want new features in the facebook which further help them to promote upcoming events quickly to a large number of people. The method is unable to consider other factors which could impact event managers in using facebook in future. Moreover, the researcher would be objectively separated by the research using this method (Saunders, Thornhill, and Lewis, 20 09). Qualitative Approach: Another method to conduct this research is Qualitative method. The Qualitative method is closer with the subject matter of the research. This method is used to find people’s experience, belief, behaviors, and attitudes (Patton, 2002). In qualitative approach, again, the data can be gathered either through the primary sources of secondary sources. The qualitative approach is appropriate to get more insights and detailed findings about the research topic being investigated. The qualitative method is related with all the qualitative aspects of research. It does not focus on the actual past data about the use of facebook by marketers. The method is useful in determining the past attitude, experience, behavior and future expectation of the marketers towards facebook. The researcher, using this method, could find out the future aspect of the facebook but would be unable to accurately predict the accumulative trend of marketers for promoting events using f acebook. Mixed Approach: The mixed approach is the combination of both qualitative as well as quantitative research. This method is useful when researcher wants to cover all aspects of the research (Maylor and Blackman, 2005). The method using quantitative technique will predict the future growth of the facebook by marketers who will be interested in promoting events using facebook. On the other hand, the qualitative technique will help to the attitudes, experience and behavior of the marketers towards face. It further explores the future need of the marketers to promote their events through facebook. Selected Approach: The researcher is interested to conduct its research through Mixed Approach. This approach will cover all the aspects of the

Influences and Characteristics of Entrepreneurial Behavior Essay Example for Free

Influences and Characteristics of Entrepreneurial Behavior Essay Management skill and strong team building abilities are often perceived as essential leadership attributes[3] for successful entrepreneurs. Robert B. Reich considers leadership, management ability, and team-building as essential qualities of an entrepreneur. This concept has its origins in the work of Richard Cantillon in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en (1755) and Jean-Baptiste Say[4] in his Treatise on Political Economy. Psychological studies show that the psychological propensities for male and female entrepreneurs are more similar than different. A growing body of work shows that entrepreneurial behavior is dependent on social and economic factors. For example, countries with healthy and diversified labor markets or stronger safety nets show a more favorable ratio of opportunity-driven rather than necessity-driven women entrepreneurs. Empirical studies suggest that male entrepreneurs possess strong negotiating skills and consensus-forming abilities. Research studies that explore the characteristics and personality traits of, and influences on, the entrepreneur have come to differing conclusions. Most, however, agree on certain consistent entrepreneurial traits and environmental influences. Although certain entrepreneurial traits are required, entrepreneurial behaviours are also dynamic and influenced by environmental factors. Shane and Venkataraman (2000) argue that the entrepreneur is solely concerned with opportunity recognition and exploitation, although the opportunity that is recognised depends on the type of entrepreneur; while Ucbasaran et al. (2001) argue there are many different types contingent upon environmental and personal circumstances. Jesper Sà ¸rensen has argued that some of the most significant influences on an individuals decision to become an entrepreneur are workplace peers and the social composition of the workplace. In researching the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur based upon working with former entrepreneurs, Sà ¸rensen discovered a correlation between working with former entrepreneurs and how often these individuals become entrepreneurs themselves, compared to those who did not work with entrepreneurs.[5] The social composition of the workplace can influence entrepreneurism in workplace peers by proving a possibility for success, causing a â€Å"He can do it, why can’t I?† attitude. As Sà ¸rensen stated, â€Å"When you meet others who have gone out on their own, it doesn’t seem that crazy.† [5] Perception of entrepreneurs The ability of entrepreneurs to innovate is thought to relate to innate traits such as extroversion and a proclivity for risk-taking. According to Schumpeter, the capabilities of innovating, introducing new technologies, increasing efficiency and productivity, or generating new products or services, are characteristic qualities of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are catalysts for economic change, and researchers argue that entrepreneurs are highly creative individuals with a tendency to imagine new solutions by finding opportunities for profit or reward.[6] Largely due to the influence of Schumpeters heroic conceptions of entrepreneurs, it is widely maintained that entrepreneurs are unusual individuals. In line with this view, there is an emerging research tradition investigating the genetic factors that are perceived to make entrepreneurs so distinctive (Nicolaou and Shane, 2009). However, there are also critical perspectives that attribute these research attitudes to oversimplified methodological and/or philosophical assumptions (Gartner, 2001). For example, it has been argued that entrepreneurs are not that distinctive, but that it is in essence unrealistic preconceptions about non-entrepreneurs that maintain laudatory portraits of entrepreneurs (Ramoglou, 2011). Classification of entrepreneurs A. Based on functional characteristics 1. Innovative entrepreneur: Such entrepreneurs introduce new goods or new methods of production or discover new markets or reorganize the enterprise. 1. EX: new product, new ways of product, new markets and reorganise the enterprise. 2. Imitative or adoptive entrepreneur: Such entrepreneurs don’t innovate,they copy technology or technique of others. 1. EX: Chinese mobiles. 3. Fabian entrepreneur: Such entrepreneur display grates situation and scepticism in experimenting with any change in their enterprise. They change only when there is a serious threat to the very existence of the enterprise. 4. Drone entrepreneurs: Such entrepreneurs are characterised by a diehard conservatism and may even be prepared to suffer the losses. 1. EX: Acc. To MC Kinsey in 2015, 110-130 million people will be unemployed out of which 90-100 million people will be Fresher. [edit]B. Based on development angle 1. Prime mover: This entrepreneur sets in motion a powerful sequence of development expansion and diversification of business. 1. EX: Ambani 2. Manager: such an entrepreneur doesn’t initiate expansion and its content in just staying in business. 3. Minor innovator: This entrepreneur contributes to economic progress by finding better use for existing resources. 1. EX: minimum wastage maximum production. 4. Satellite: This entrepreneur assumes a suppliers role and slowly move towards a productive enterprise. 5. Local trading: such entrepreneur limits his enterprise to the local market. C. Based on entrepreneurs business 1. Manufacturing 2. Wholesaling 3. Retailing 4. Service Based on personality traits 1. The improver: They have unwavering to run these businesses with high integrity and ethics. 2. The advisor: â€Å"Customer is right and we must do everything to please him† because company is built by advisors and advisors become customer focused. 3. The superstar: All depends upon the charisma and on the high energy of the superstar CEO. 1. EX: Richard Branson (400 co’s/Virgin coin), Larry Page (Google), Lt. Steve Jobs (Apple), Ratan Tata (Tata sons). 4. The artists: Are highly creative type, very conscious about business. If feedback is constructive i.e. positive than also lets go with negative self-image. 1. EX: Aamir Khan, Michael Dell (Dell), MC Cormich (EMI). 5. The visionary: Too focused on dreams with little focused on reality. 1. EX: Jack Welch (GE), Bill Gates (Microsoft), Kishore Biyani (Future Group), Warren Buffet (Berkshire Hathaway), Sam Walton (Wall Mart). 6. The analyst: More focused on fixing problems in a systematic way. 1. EX: Gordon Hore (Intel), Rana Kapur (Yes Bank), Gautam Adani (Adani Groups) 7. The fireball: A business owned and operated by a fireball is full of life, energy and optimism. They have â€Å"A get it done attitude in a playful manner†. 1. EX: Malcolm Forbes – Forbes magazine 8. The hero: Have an incredible will and ability to lead the world and your business through challenges. 9. The healer: They provide nurturing harmony to their business, they have uncanny abilities to survive and persists inner calm. 1. EX: Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak (Sulabh International), Kumar Manglam Birla (Son of L.M Birla). 1. The Opportunistic: take advantage of opportunities as they occur. 1. EX: Mark Zuckerberg Theory-based Typologies Recent advances in entrepreneur researcher indicate that the differences in entrepreneurs and the heterogeneity in their behaviors and actions can be traced back to their the founders identity. For instance, Fauchart and Gruber (2011) have recently utilized social identity theory to illustrate that entrepreneurs can be distinguished in three main types: Darwinians, Communitarians and Missionaries. These types of founders not only diverge in fundamental ways in terms of their self-views and their social motivations in entrepreneurship, but also engage fairly differently in new firm creation.

Essay --

After carefully considering the area of both homes, including the crime rate, median home prices, schools in the area, etc, as well as the improvements needed on property A and the ones already done on Property B, I feel that Property A in Chapel Hill, NC would be, in my opinion, a better investment property. If I had a family, were just starting out and could do some of the work myself, this would be a good investment in my future. Chapel Hill was rated in the top ten best places to live, in Money Magazine. It has beautiful weather, nice neighborhoods and lower population per square foot. It also has six, 5 star rated schools in the area and the crime rate for this neighborhood is very low. The town is centrally located with an international airport within 20 miles as well as bus stations within 30 minutes. There is a local transit system as well as taxi's. I also believe this home would have a higher resale value for the long-term, as the median comparable home values in this area , at this time, are around $350,000. I would purchase all new appliances for the kitchen, purchase a new washer and dryer and add new carpet in the bedrooms with ceramic tile throughout the rest of the home. I would add some fresh paint inside and out, as well. Then, I would add some subtle landscaping. The bushes and trees that are already there, are in good shape and are a good start. However, it looks like the lawn needs to be reseeded and the yard could use some color. I would add a couple of rose bushes and some other flowers around the perimeter of the home to brighten things up. I could do it all for about $20k for a total cost of $145,500, if I did all the work myself. If I wanted to go a few steps further, I would add all new bathroom fix... ...in and clean up, tape off and paint all walls and trim, install new cabinets, lighting and fixtures. Then I would go through and lay carpet and tile I had selected. The next step would be to start on the outside of the home and paint all exterior walls and trim. Then I would start reseeding the lawn, planting flowers and handling any other landscaping, like a sprinkler system to water the yard and plants. Finally, with everything fresh and new, I would place the house for rent, for sale or simply move in. Word Choice Word Choice Suggestions Suggestions for improving word choice appear in the text underlined in blue. Select this text to view the tips. [ Previous | Next ] Analysis complete. Select an item below to view the notes associated with that item. Title Checker Spelling Grammar Word Choice Style Vocabulary Words Grade Facebook printable summary report

Collectivism in My Big Fat Greek Wedding

†¢All the Greek families from the neighbourhood are very together, as they all join up together at the Greek restaurant. †¢When the main character asks her father if she can go to University he gets very upset and says no, as he doesn’t want her to leave the family and get on with her life. †¢The father offers money to Thia Voula for her travel agents business; this shows how they help each other within the community. Tula asks to her boyfriend, if he went on holiday with his cousins, and he says no, she is shocked as she has 27 close cousins which they travel and do everything together. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å" Greeks marry Greeks, to breed Greeks† this shows how closed they are in their own collective community. †¢The are in which the restaurant is located, only has Greek owned business, like the travel agents etc†¦ †¢Tula is always worried about her family ( shown by the way she is so worried about what her family will think when she marries a â€Å"xeno† (foreigner). During Easter dinner, the whole family gets together, they eat and dance (together! ) †¢When Toula and her family are choosing who they are going to invite to the wedding, Toula wants a small wedding, whereas her father wants to invite everyone, even the people that Toula doesn’t really talk much to. †¢Toula’s mother invited the whole family over when Toula was inviting her fiancee’s family to a â€Å"small quiet dinner to meet the parents† †¢There is a great difference between the invitation number on Toula’s and her fiancee’s party. (Toula’s is 4 times as big).

Homosexuality in football Essay

Chapter One: Introduction: Addressing Homophobia in Football   Introduction should just give a brief idea of what work is going to be about so not much detail   Outline your argument – footballers affect society so a lack of homosexual players is also bound to affect the way it is portrayed   Talk about the problems surrounding football – i. e. racism, sexism. What is different about homophobia?   Why is homophobia a problem in football? Why is it taboo? Talk about programmes enforced to help combat it; i. e.just mention Stonewall, different programmes etc   Outline the different chapters you will be writing in the diss: i. e. I will be looking at (describe chapter 2) Only needs to be a page long, maybe a little longer. Basically outline your argument and refer back to your question, mention problems in football – why homophobia is taboo / big problem, talk about programmes (briefly) and then outline what you’ll be talking about in each chapter. FINALLY say at the end what you hope to conclude – i. e. homophobia is a big problem, it does affect society, what can be done? I intend to explore homosexuality within the footballing world, and how, if at all, its representative’s views on it affect those of societies. Football is Britain’s national sport, engrained into every aspect of our culture, and as such players are role models that transcend all classes, colours and creeds; so why do such a minute percentage feel it is a safe environment in which to be openly homosexual? Are the individuals involved simply inherently homophobic, or are there more deep-rooted explanations? I will be looking in chapter two at masculinity and where homosexuality lies within it, focusing particularly on the theories surrounding footballs role in reproducing a hegemonic masculine environment. Over the last 20-30 years it has become more fashionable to explore the varying moulds of masculinity, and I will observe footballs relationship with these developments. The differences on and off the pitch are also of relevance, and can be scrutinised easily due to the massive interest in, and thus coverage of, footballing culture. Chapter three explores possible reasons behind the lack of openly homosexual professional footballers today and throughout history, primarily using player interviews and concentrating on the case of Justin Fashanu, the first professional British player to reveal their homosexuality to the public. I will also discuss the issue as an international problem, which is not isolated to Britain and the Premier League. Finally, an evaluation of footballers as role models in our culture at present forms the basis of chapter four – how exactly do their views affect society’s’? ADD IN WHEN WRITTEN CHAPTER The industry has managed to overcome various other serious issues, such as racism and sexism, so what is it doing to combat homophobia? Since many efforts by the F. A. to address homophobia have been deemed superficial, does the F. A. even consider it as serious a problem as the aforementioned problems? The Stonewall organisation in particular has completed extensive research into the issues surrounding homophobia in football, interviewing players and fans alike, and even setting up the first gay football club. How successful has this been in drawing attention to the problem so clearly rife in the modern game, and what else can be done to encourage the changes so desperately required to come into fruition? I hope to discover through my research the extent to which homophobia runs in football, and by whom it is considered a problem. I am also intrigued to see how the public perceive the current situation, and how it alongside general footballing culture has influenced them, if at all.

About Addison Mizner and Floridas Resort Architecture

About Addison Mizner and Florida's Resort Architecture Addison Mizner (born: December 12, 1872, in Benicia, California) remains one of the most influential figures of southern Floridas early-20th-century building boom. His fanciful Mediterranean style of architecture launched a Florida Renaissance and inspired architects throughout North America. Yet Mizner is largely unknown today and was rarely taken seriously by other architects during his lifetime. As a child, Mizner traveled around the world with his large family. His father, who became the U.S. minister to Guatemala, settled the family in Central America for a time, where the young Mizner lived among Spanish-influenced buildings. To many, Mizners legacy is based on his early exploits with his younger brother, Wilson. Their adventures, including a stint looking for gold in Alaska, became the subject of Stephen Sondheims musical Road Show. Addison Mizner did not have formal training in architecture. He apprenticed with Willis Jefferson Polk in San Francisco and worked as an architect in the New York area after the Gold Rush, yet he could never master the task of drawing blueprints. When he was 46, Mizner moved to Palm Beach, Florida because of his ill health. He wanted to capture the diversity of Spanish architecture, and his Spanish Revival style homes won the attention of many of the wealthy elite in the Sunshine State. Criticizing modern architects for producing a characterless copybook effect, Mizner said that his ambition was to make a building look traditional and as though it had fought its way from a small unimportant structure to a great rambling house. When Mizner moved to Florida, Boca Raton was a tiny, unincorporated town. With an entrepreneurs spirit, the eager developer aspired to transform it into a luxurious resort community. In 1925, he and his brother Wilson started Mizner Development Corporation and purchased more than 1,500 acres, including two miles of beach. He mailed out out promotional material that boasted a 1,000-room hotel, golf courses, parks and a street wide enough to fit 20 lanes of traffic. Stockholders included such high-rollers as Paris Singer, Irving Berlin, Elizabeth Arden, W.K. Vanderbilt II, and T. Coleman du Pont. Film star Marie Dressler sold real estate for Mizner. Other developers followed Mizners example, and eventually, Boca Raton became all that he envisioned. It was a short-lived building boom, however, and within a decade he was bankrupt. In February of 1933, he died at age 61 of a heart attack n Palm Beach, Florida. His story remains relevant today as an example of the rise and fall of a once-successful American entrepreneur. Significant Architecture 1911: Additions to White Pine Camp/Coolidge Summer White House, Adirondack Mountains, New York State1912: Rock Hall, Colebrook, Connecticut1918: Everglades Club, Palm Beach, Florida1922: William Gray Warden Residence, 112 Seminole Ave., Palm Beach, Florida1923: Via Mizner, 337-339 Worth Ave., Palm Beach, Florida1923: Wanamaker Estate / Kennedy Winter White House, 1095 North Ocean Boulevard, Palm Beach, Florida1924: Riverside Baptist Church, Jacksonville, Florida1925: Via Parigi, Palm Beach, Florida1925: Administration Buildings, 2 Camino Real, Boca Raton.1925: Boynton Womans Club, 1010 S. Federal Highway, Boynton Beach1925: Boca Raton Resort and Club, Boca Raton, Florida1926: Fred C. Aiken House, 801 Hibiscus St., Boca Raton, Florida Sources Boca Raton Historical Society and MuseumDivision of Cultural Affairs, Florida Department of State [accessed January 7, 2016]Florida Memory, State Library Archives of Florida

Edward Kellers Mr FordWhat have you done essays

Edward Kellers Mr FordWhat have you done essays Henry Ford was one of Americas leaders in the car manufacturing industry he pioneered the beginning of the automotive industry. Beginning as early as 1896, Henry Ford had established his first automobile in a brick garage behind his house on Bagley Avenue in Detroit. He had assembled one of the first successful automotive runs on pure gasoline. It was a simple two cylinder, two stroke engine. Edward Kellers, Mr. Ford-What have you done? depicts much of Fords life in the automotive industry. The book talked about how Ford had started his empire. How when he was 16 years old, he left home to pursue his dream in inventing mechanical things that would benefit the common need of all families in the United States. How he got a job in a steam engine factory making a mere $2.50 a week but due to his rent being $4.00 a month, he had to get a second job repairing watches for $2.00 a week. Later on Ford then got a job working for Detroit Edison Electric Company where he was fortunate enough to meet the very famous Thomas Edison. After meeting Thomas, Fords career began to take off as an automotive producer. In 1888, Henry Ford married Clara Bryant and shortly there after, he moved to Detroit. After saving some money working for the electric company with the help of A.J. Malcomson, Ford was able to start up his Ford Motor Company. On June 16, 1903, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated with $28,000 capital. After this, Ford Motor Company, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated with $28,000 capital. After this, Ford Motor Company, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated with $28,000 capital. After this, Ford Motor Company, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated with $28,000 capital. After this, Ford Motor Company, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated with $28,000 capital. After this, Ford Motor Company, the Ford Motor Company was incorporated with $28,000 capital. After this, Ford Motor...

Top 6 Tips for Navigating a Problem Principal

Top 6 Tips for Navigating a Problem Principal Most of the time, we teachers live within the bubble of our individual classrooms. Once we close the classroom door, were in our own little worlds, rulers of our domains, and completely in control of how our day progresses overall. Sure, we have meetings and all-school directives and grade level coordinating and parent conferences and errands to run around campus. But mostly, were the only adult around for five to six hours a day. But, still, it would be reckless to forget about the wider school power structure and thus ignore the importance of a good relationship with an administrator. Dont learn the hard way that tension with an administrator can spiral out of control if youre not careful. Stop Principal Problems Before They Start Principals are people too, and they arent perfect. But, they certainly are powerful on an elementary school campus. So its key to make sure your relationship is solid, positive, constructive, and mutually respectful. Whether alls well with your principal right now or things are tense, here are some helpful tips from someone whos been in both a great and a poor relationship with various principals: If your relationship is going smoothly and you have a well-liked administrator, then enjoy your job! Life is good and theres nothing better than a kind and supportive principal which makes for a happy school full of happy teachers. Join committees, take risks, ask for advice and support, live it up!If your relationship is going well but youve noticed that many other teachers have problems with your administrator, consider yourself lucky and take proactive steps to maintain a healthy relationship with your principal. Dont be afraid to kiss up and do everything within your power (and common morality) to stay in his good graces. Try to fly under the radar and just make it through his tenure at your school. Nothing lasts forever and your goal must be professional, sane, and calm.If you sense mounting tension from a difficult principal, start documenting every event that occurs between you and him. Keep a log of all conversations, the subject matters, dates, times, and ​duration of his classroom visits. Your sense of a looming problem may eventually prove to be incorrect, but in the meantime, it cant hurt to protect yourself. If your principal goes on the attack and you start to feel victimized, stay calm, remain focused and polite, and work with him to create a plan to solve any problems. Set goals, be straightforward, and try to give him what he seeks. Youll sense it if and when he steps over the line. Until then, give him the benefit of the doubt and show due respect. If you do not yet have a permanent or tenured position at this school or district, you must go above and beyond the call of duty to solve this problem and make it right.If it becomes clear that your principal is overstepping his bounds or preventing you from properly performing your teaching duties, consider talking to your union representative. Chances are, the union rep will already have fielded other complaints about this administrator. As long as you are a sane and goodhearted professional, it will rarely be you who brings up the first complaint about a given individual. Learn about your protected rights and make a plan with the union rep to clear the air and come to a new understanding with the administrator. If the problem does not improve over time with mediation and patience, then you can always request a transfer to another campus. You may also choose to eventually mentally relinquish the stress over this situation and continue to focus your positive energies on the most important people in the school: your young students who need you! Give them everything you have and before you know it, your problem administrator will likely be moving on to another assignment or the tensions will naturally dissipate as he moves on to a new target. As you can see, there are varying degrees of principal problems and it will require your good judgment to decide on a course of action.

Gang Theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gang Theory - Coursework Example There exist the notion of alternatives in than one may reverse his decision on grounds that those alternative methods are either unavailable or their rewards are lower than expected. With the full knowledge of the consequences may opt in taking a risk. The size of a gang may limit the probability of an individual being caught and increase the chances of benefits in that if a gang member is caught the remaining members may still reap from their actions. Farrall and Bowling (1999) attributes this to the failure of human beings to leave up to their decisions as circumstances changes over a given period. Gang crimes operate mostly on assumption that their number creates a vulnerability effect to their victims in that they use their number to intimidate and organize their actions. The vulnerability aspect encourages the gangs to operate with less worry of the likeliness of being caught (Gottschalk, 2013). Those caught in crime gangs and then released due to either completing their jail term of lack of evidence may tend to ignore the risk involved in crime (Farrall & Bowling, 1999). The fear of uncertainty is what deters a person from committing crime and once experiences the consequences involved in crime some prefer to engage in crime life. Routine based crimes are what have attributed to the continuous growth of the gang-based crimes. The social rationality is also, what determines an individual’s choice in joining a gang group. The existing social inequality from, the judicial service and the unfairness by the community in terms of revenue allocation may prompt individuals with similar grievances to from gangs and recruit a sizeable number. The social aspect at this point runs paramount to the risk assessment effect of the rational choice theory. Once a group is formed under same circumstances, they tend to bond from a long

Evidence Based Practice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evidence Based Practice - Article Example It was intended to identify the following issues at this moment divided into general objective and specific objectives under such subheadings. There exist modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in addition to other factors contributing to the prevalence of Ventilated-Associated Pneumonia with modifiable risk factors being; education of personnel, surveillance and reporting, transmission prevention, and modification of host risks. It was realized that education of personnel regarding the ventilator-associated pneumonia reduction strategies reduces the incidence of the same (Coffin, 2008). It was found out that Surveillance and reporting of ventilator-associated pneumonia to certain extend help to track and identify the major causes of Ventilated-Associated Pneumonia. Vaccinations of all healthcare workers and high-risk peoples in the community is a priority in the prevention of community-acquired and healthcare-acquired pneumonias especially after it was realized that the prevention of transmission of pneumonia from person-to-person is a major modifiable risk factor that could be achieved by proper hand-washing and use of gloves and gowns. Modification of host risks was also found to reduce Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. This includes; increasing host defenses against infection and prevention of aspiration, as well as the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. The latter was also found to help in reducing the incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. It was also found that an oral intubation route is preferred over nasal intubation to prevent sinusitis and decrease the risk of contracting in most hospitals (OKeefe-McCarthy, 2008). Supporting and maintaining a patients head-of-bed angles at 30 to 45 degrees or higher could be a good preventative strategy against aspiration of gastric contents. This plus the use of turning or

Genre Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genre Theory - Assignment Example Numerous film genres tend to have numerous subgenres. This is also evident among the horror films. Some of these subgenres include the vampire film, a psychological horror film, monster movie, the mad doctor movie, and the zombie film. The objective of the horror films is to generate fear and anxiety among the viewers. One of the examples of the horror films is the Evil Dead II. This is a freewheeling horror film under the direction of Sam Raimi Ash. The protagonist in the film encounters diverse genuine terror inclusive of cutting off his own possessed hand with a chainsaw. Critics and audiences of the film note the intensity and scary effects of the film. On the other hand, they also acknowledge the comic essence of the horror film (Egan, 2011). Evil Dead II (1987) is the second film in relation to the Evil Dead franchise. The film comes out as sequel, as well as the remake of the initial or original The Evil Dead (1981). In the film, Ashley J. Williams, the protagonist, encounters and survives the possession of a girlfriend, and some new emergences. The protagonist manages to fight back the numerous evil demons possessing his house. The film provides the perfect platform for the Army of Darkness, thus the Evil Dead trilogy. The film is vital in ratcheting up both the gore, as well as the theatrics, which was evident in Evil Dead I. Moreover, the director uses the film to implant Raimi’s brand or aspect of the vaudeville terror, thus setting the essential tone for the sequel. The film begins in a thick fog, which becomes the backdrop for the movie’s preamble. It is essential to note that the fog returns at the end to illustrate the influence of the main title card, which tends to zoom towards and past the viewer, as an extension of the tunnel within the opening shot of the film. The Evil Dead II does not take any longer in relation to getting the horrific set pieces in comparison to other movies in the horror

Emergency Room Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Room Education - Essay Example Emergencies in hospitals are now highly regarded for treatment of sicknesses and emergency cases. Even families with personal physicians would usually bring their members to emergency treatment. Physicians also refer their patients who are in emergency situations to the nearest emergency facility. (Annas, 1992, p. 50) 2. When should we access emergency room? Emergency room, emergency department or trauma department – these all provide a successful health care. Having access to emergency room or emergency department of a hospital is part of health care that should be provided to any citizen. It’s a fact that everyone on this planet may encounter emergency situations, especially medical emergencies, and to be prepared for any eventuality, having access to an emergency room is part of the health care the state should provide. A state or community that can provide emergency room or emergency health care even to poor citizens has a very good health care and should be commend ed. Everyone should have access to emergency health care and this includes the emergency room or the emergency department of a clinic or hospital. Accessing emergency room should be an important first step to patient care in an emergency. All emergency cases should be provided emergency room or the emergency department of a hospital. Without this access, ED personnel such as nurses and physicians cannot provide emergency treatment. Moreover, important emergency equipments should be provided in the emergency room so that any emergency case can be effectively acted upon. Trauma patients require immediate emergency rooms or emergency departments. Many hospitals have improved their trauma care departments, for example, there is the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) manual. This is a... This paper approves that health care providers should be responsible enough to prevent the spread of disease. The simplest way of preventing the transfer of microorganisms is by washing of hands. This simple way can help eliminate the spread of diseases. Routine washing of hands before doing the daily routine in school and offices and especially in hospitals should be done to protect one’s self and the people around us from the transfer of microorganisms. This essay makes a conclusion that emergency room, emergency department or trauma department – these all provide a successful health care. Having access to emergency room or emergency department of a hospital is part of health care that should be provided to any citizen. It’s a fact that everyone on this planet may encounter emergency situations, especially medical emergencies, and to be prepared for any eventuality, having access to an emergency room is part of the health care the state should provide. A state or community that can provide emergency room or emergency health care even to poor citizens has a very good health care and should be commended. Everyone should have access to emergency health care and this includes the emergency room or the emergency department of a clinic or hospital. Accessing emergency room should be an important first step to patient care in an emergency. Health and safety hazards in hospitals and emergency clinics should be assess to avoid accidents on the patients and health care providers. Health workers also face considerable health and safety risks. Assessing the situation, identifying the possible risks, and applying remedies before accidents happen, could help in reducing injury and applying adequate health care.

Bridge Management System for Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Bridge Management System for Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Hence, there is need for the development of a bridge management system in Saudi Arabia. This study provides a background on the infrastructural setting and bridges in Saudi Arabia. A detailed look at the preservation considerations is followed by inquiry into the improvement considerations available for the existing bridges in Saudi Arabia. The natural hazards that may impact bridge infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is then discussed, followed by a look at the policy considerations, project considerations, economic/non-economic considerations and prioritization to base decision support for the bridge management system proposed. Provisions for updating of the bridge management system are given before providing a summary of the study. Background Saudi Arabia is an oil-dependent economy in the Arabian Peninsula with a $350 billion budget in infrastructure development as of the year 2007. The main infrastructural developmental goals for the country aim to transform it into a global industrial force. According to Business Week (2007), this transformation is to be supported by positioning the country as a regional transport and logistics hub. As a result, plans for the $5 billion budget Saudi Landbridge project connecting the Red Sea and the Gulf Coast to be constructed by a private consortium are underway. The consortium will have a 50 year operating rights on the bridge. The other major project is the Saudi-Egypt Causeway that has a causeway and a bridge component, meant to link Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula to boost development in the region. The project will is projected to cost about $4 billion and will be owned by the two governments. The two bridges described above are an addition to the already existing Jamaraat Bridg e whose purpose is to enable pilgrims to throw stones at the Jamrah pillars. The bridge may sometimes carry about one million individuals, leading to serious safety issues and need for maintenance. The bridge has been under reconstruction into a nine-storey one that will be able to accommodate about 9 million people a day (Saudi Info, 2004). Besides the three bridges mentioned in this background, there are about 4,200 bridges in Saudi Arabia’s highway network. Philosophical Approach As Hearn et al. (2007) argues, bridge management systems represent a unique convergence of a number of disciplines including structural engineering, economics, operations research, planning, and information technology. There is need for prudent data collection to support decision making in bridge management systems. Collection of timely and quality data enables the parties in charge to discern crucial information about bridge conditions, costs of the project and effectiveness. This study calls on the disciplines listed above to produce a formidable report on bridge management in Saudi Arabia. The study will explore the preservation conditions, improvement considerations, extreme event considerations and then detail possible

Emergency Room Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Room Education - Essay Example Emergencies in hospitals are now highly regarded for treatment of sicknesses and emergency cases. Even families with personal physicians would usually bring their members to emergency treatment. Physicians also refer their patients who are in emergency situations to the nearest emergency facility. (Annas, 1992, p. 50) 2. When should we access emergency room? Emergency room, emergency department or trauma department – these all provide a successful health care. Having access to emergency room or emergency department of a hospital is part of health care that should be provided to any citizen. It’s a fact that everyone on this planet may encounter emergency situations, especially medical emergencies, and to be prepared for any eventuality, having access to an emergency room is part of the health care the state should provide. A state or community that can provide emergency room or emergency health care even to poor citizens has a very good health care and should be commend ed. Everyone should have access to emergency health care and this includes the emergency room or the emergency department of a clinic or hospital. Accessing emergency room should be an important first step to patient care in an emergency. All emergency cases should be provided emergency room or the emergency department of a hospital. Without this access, ED personnel such as nurses and physicians cannot provide emergency treatment. Moreover, important emergency equipments should be provided in the emergency room so that any emergency case can be effectively acted upon. Trauma patients require immediate emergency rooms or emergency departments. Many hospitals have improved their trauma care departments, for example, there is the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) manual. This is a... This paper approves that health care providers should be responsible enough to prevent the spread of disease. The simplest way of preventing the transfer of microorganisms is by washing of hands. This simple way can help eliminate the spread of diseases. Routine washing of hands before doing the daily routine in school and offices and especially in hospitals should be done to protect one’s self and the people around us from the transfer of microorganisms. This essay makes a conclusion that emergency room, emergency department or trauma department – these all provide a successful health care. Having access to emergency room or emergency department of a hospital is part of health care that should be provided to any citizen. It’s a fact that everyone on this planet may encounter emergency situations, especially medical emergencies, and to be prepared for any eventuality, having access to an emergency room is part of the health care the state should provide. A state or community that can provide emergency room or emergency health care even to poor citizens has a very good health care and should be commended. Everyone should have access to emergency health care and this includes the emergency room or the emergency department of a clinic or hospital. Accessing emergency room should be an important first step to patient care in an emergency. Health and safety hazards in hospitals and emergency clinics should be assess to avoid accidents on the patients and health care providers. Health workers also face considerable health and safety risks. Assessing the situation, identifying the possible risks, and applying remedies before accidents happen, could help in reducing injury and applying adequate health care.

Bacterial Cell Surface Tension Attachment and Implications for Article - 1

Bacterial Cell Surface Tension Attachment and Implications for Bioremediation - Article Example There was no significant relationship between the culturing of the bacteria with their attachment to the different material that was being tested. The environments under which the bacterial species were cultured had the significant influence on the level of attachment of different bacterial species to various surfaces. These results present essentially in seeking to establish the variance of species adherence to hexadecane. The attachment of microbial cells to solids and hydrophobic liquids is an important prerequisite in the degradation of chemicals that are recalcitrant because of extremely low solubility. Bacterial adsorption at interfaces is a physical and chemical process that, for the majority of micro-organisms, does not involve the expenditure of metabolic energy. The attachment process involves non-specific interactions between the cell surface, the solid or hydrophobic liquid and the bulk liquid phase(Abbasnezhad et al. 2011). Many factors influence bacterial attachment at solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces. Environmental factors such as pH, temperature and the presence of cations, anions and organic molecules in the bulk liquid phase all directly affect the attachment process, as does the nature of the solid or the hydrophobic liquid(Mceldowney & Fletcher 1986). Microbial factors are equally important in determining the extent of bacterial attachment to surfaces, and the characterist ics of the cell surface have a considerable impact on attachment. Microbial cell surfaces are complex and consist of a variety of macromolecules, which vary with the microbial type. The macromolecular composition of bacterial cell surfaces, also, differs with growth substrate, growth phase, and growth rate. Such variations alter the charge and hydrophobic characteristics of bacterial surfaces (Rosenberg et al. 1980).  Ã‚  

Energy drinks Essay Example for Free

Energy drinks Essay An energy drink is a drink which contains drugs that increases levels of nervous activity in the body, mainly caffeine, which is known for its mental or physical stimulation. Energy drinks may or may not be carbonated, and contain large amounts of caffeine and other stimulants drugs, and many also contain sugar, herbal extracts and amino acids. They are sub branches of the group of energy products, which includes bars and gels. Energy drinks comes in many brands, qualities, flavors and varieties. Positive Points: 1. Significant amount of improvement in mental and cognitive performances as well as increased alertness. 2. It’s been suggested that the reversal of some components present in caffeine helps in leaving a good effect on mood and one’s performance. 3. After many tests it is observed that in young healthy adults an energy drink significantly increased upper body muscle strength. 4. Energy drinks help in improve memory. 5. Energy drinks improve circulation of blood in your brain, ears and eyes. 6. Many energy drink companies use fruits and herbs that are healthy (for example: berries they protect your body cells from oxidation). Negative points: With 30 to 50 percent of teens are taking energy drinks on daily basis, there are disadvantages of drinking these drinks, especially in children and teenagers, because they cannot safely consume as much caffeine as adults can. 1. Energy drinks are very high in sugar level, containing up to 35 grams of sugar per drink, which is above the recommended amount of sugars for women of 25 grams per day and very close to the recommended daily limit of 37.5 grams per men. Consuming a lot of added sugars increases your risk for obesity, because added sugars provide extra calories. 2. The caffeine in energy drinks increases the speed with which the alcohol is absorbed by a body making it more likely a person will stay awake long enough to consume more alcohol than a body would otherwise be able to. 3. The risks can be lessened by sticking to the recommended limts, which are listed on every drink, and by controlling the consumption of energy drinks by drinking one drink in a day. Extra ingredients , like amino acids, taurine, guarana and ginseng, are added in such small amounts that they are not likely to give any beneficial health effects or cause any negative side effects. Suggestion: 1. For many people, occasional drinks are fine, but try your best to limit yourself to about 500 milliliters a day. If youre consistently fatigued or rundown, however, figure a better and healthier way to boost your energy. Get good sleep, include yourself physical activity in your routine, and eat a healthy food. If these things dont help, consult your doctor. Sometimes fatigue is a sign medical condition, such as hypothyroidism or anemia. 2. There are energy drinks which are not recommended, If you have a heart disease or high blood pressure, consult your doctor if energy drinks may cause complications. Pregnant women and women who are breast-feeding may want to especially limit consumption of these beverages. 3. With the growing popularity of energy drinks on daily basis, most of the parents are concerned about how much caffeine their kids are taking. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that adolescents get no more than 100 milligrams of caffeine a day. Younger children shouldnt drink caffeinated beverages on a regular basis.

Luteolin and Kaempferol From Cassia Alata

Luteolin and Kaempferol From Cassia Alata LUTEOLIN AND KAEMPFEROL FROM CASSIA ALATA, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ITS METHANOLIC EXTRACTS ANEELA WAHAB, TAHIRA, SABIRA BEGUM, ANJUM AYUB, IFFAT MAHMOOD, TALAT MAHMOOD, AQEEL AHMAD  AND NIDA FAYYAZ Abstract Cassia alata also known as candlebush is a medicinally important plant. In the present investigation we are reporting the isolation and structure elucidation of two flavonoids kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2) isolated from methanolic extract of its beans through bioassay guided fractionation. The structure of isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as EIMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. In this article we are also presenting the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of its leaves (CA-L), stem (CA-S) and beans (CA-BN). All the extracts showed remarkable antibacterial and weak antioxidant activity whereas moderate antifungal activity was only found in stem (CA-S) and beans (CA-BN) extracts. Introduction Cassia alata (Synonym; Senna alata) belonging to the family Leguminosae and subfamily of Fabaceae, commonly known as seven golden candlesticks, and ringworm senna (Quattrocchi U., F.L.S., 2012). This plant is native to the West Indies, tropical America, found wild almost throughout India and Pakistan (Khare C.P., 2007). C. alata with golden blooms is a summer bloomer and a striking spring that last for several weeks but prefer cooler month for flowering (Ray A.B., et al., 2010, Krishnan M. K. S., 1992). This shrub may grow up to 3 meters tall with irregular, angled, glabrous branches. Flowers have bright yellow colour. It has long, membranous, dehiscent pods with 25 or more seeds per pod (Ross I.A., 2003, Bhattacharjee S.K., 2004). Cassia alata is widely used as traditional medicine in India and Southeast Asia ( Reezal I., et al., 2002 ). This plant is reported to possess insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, hydragogue, sudorific, diuretic, pesticidal properties. Fresh leaves juice is used for ring worm, snakebite, scorpion bite, skin diseases, impetigo, syphilis sores, itching, mycosis (washerman’s itch), herpes and eczema. Roots, leaves and flowers of this plant possess many biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, expectorant and also useful in urinary tract problems (Quattrocchi U., F.L.S., 2012), asthma, bronchitis and constipation (Joshi S.G., 2000). The ethyl acetate extract of C. alata leaves possess hypoglycaemic activity (Ray A.B., et al, 2010). This plant also has hepatoprotective property. The main constituents of C.alata are flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinone derivatives, tannins, sterols and triterpenes (Neharkar V.S., Gaikward K.G., 2011). The pr esent paper describe the isolation and characterization of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2). Herein we are also reporting the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of leaves, stem and beans of this plant. All the extracts showed significant antibacterial (Table 2) and weak antioxidant activity (Table 4). Antifungal activity (Table 3) was only observed in the extract of stem and beans. Experimental Materials and Methods General: Silica gel PF254 (Merk) was used for vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on pre-coated silica gel F254 (Merck). Gel permeation chromatography was performed on sephadex LH-20 (Pharmcia). The EIMS (electron impact mass spectrometery) were scanned on Jeol-JMS HX-110 mass spectrormeter. The 1H and 13C-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectra were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer operating at 300 and 75 MHz respectively. The chemical shift values are reported in à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ (ppm) relative to SiMe4 (Tetra methyl silane) as an internal standard. The coupling constant (J) is given in Hz. Plant Material: The Cassia alata was collected from Karachi (Sindh) and identified by Mr. Ghulam Rasool. A voucher specimen (86464) has been deposited in the herbarium at Department of Botany, Faculty of Science University of Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. Extraction and Isolation: The air dried leaves (7 kg), stem (5 kg) and beans (5 kg) of Cassia alata were extracted repeatedly with methanol at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum to give 2 kg crude extract of leaves (CA-L), 3 kg crude extract of stem (CA-S) and 750 g crude extract of beans (CA-BN). The dark greenish brown gummy crude extract of beans (CA-BN) was partitioned with ethyl acetate (EtOAc), water (discard) and n-butanol fractions. Each fraction was concentrated in vacuum to have 15 g EtOAc and 15 g n-butanol soluble fractions. The EtOAc soluble fraction was further partitioned with n-hexane to obtained n-hexane soluble fraction and n-hexane insoluble fraction. The n-hexane soluble fraction (14 g) was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) (n-hexane: n-hexane: EtOAc in order of increasing polarity) which furnished 22 fractions (Fr-1-Fr-22). The Fr-15 was subjected to reverse-phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (CHCl3;CHCl3:MeOH in order of increasin g polarity) which yielded 12 fractions (Fr-15-1-Fr-15-12). The Fr-15-9 was further subjected to reverse phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH in order of increasing polarity) furnished 18 fractions (Fr-15-9-1-Fr-15-9-18). The Fr-15-9-10 eluted with n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH (0.5:3:1.5) gave yellow amorphous powder which showed single spot on TLC using CHCl3: MeOH (9.2:0.8) as a solvent system was identified as kaempferol (1) (37 mg). The Fr-15-9-9 was further subjected to reverse-phase column chromatography using sephadex column LH-20 (n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH in order of increasing polarity) which yielded 13 fractions (Fr-15-9-9-1 to Fr-15-9-9-13). The Fr-15-9-9-3 eluted with n-hexane:CHCl3:MeOH (0.5:3:1.5) showed single spot on TLC (CHCl3:MeOH, 9.2:0.8) appeared as yellowish powder and was identified as luteolin (2) (27 mg). Biological assay: Screening of antibacterial activity: The disc diffusion method (Bauer et al, 1966) was used to determine the antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts. 100 mg/ml of stock solution was prepared by dissolving extracts in DMSO. Sterile filter discs containing 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of stock solution were used for screening. The Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid) plates were seeded with 24 hours old culture grown in Mueller Hinton broth (Oxoid). The prepared discs were placed onto the surfaces at different positions and plates were incubated at 37à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C for 24 hours. Results were recorded by measuring the zone of inhibitions in mm. Gentamicin was used as a standard. Screening of antifungal activity: Antifungal activity was also determined by disc diffusion method (Bauer et al, 1966) as above. Briefly, a small amount of culture was transferred to 2-3 ml distilled water or normal saline in a screw capped tube with few glass beads (1 mm in diameter) and vortexes for 5-10 minutes to make a homogeneous suspension of fungal culture. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates were seeded with this suspension. Sterile filter discs containing 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l of stock solution were placed onto the surfaces at different positions. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 week. Results were recorded by measuring the zone of inhibitions in mm. Gresiofulvin was used as a standard. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): MIC of methanolic extracts were determined by the disc diffusion method ( Bauer et al, 1966). Sterile discs containing different concentrations of samples varying from 0.98 to 1000 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g per disc were prepared. The MIC of those extracts showing maximum zone of inhibition against microorganism were calculated ( Table 2 ). Antioxidant activity: Antioxidant activity was determined by using the method described by Lee et al. (1998). 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was prepared in ethanol (300  µM). 10  µL of each extract and 90 ÃŽ ¼L solution of stable radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was added in 96 well micro titer plates and incubated at 37 º C for 30 minutes. Absorbance was measured at 515 nm by using a spectrophotometer. Percent inhibition of radicals by treatment of test sample was determined by comparison with a DMSO treated control group. % Inhibition = (absorbance of the control-absorbance of the test sample) x 100 Absorbance of the control Ascorbic acid was used as standard control. The EC50 value calculated denotes the concentration (in ug/ml) of sample required to scavenge 50% of DPPH Characterization of Kaempferol (1) Yellow amorphous powder. 1H-NMR à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ (300 MHz, CD3OD): 8.09 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-2’, 6’), 6.91 (2H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-3’, 5’), 6.43 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-8), 6.19 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-6). EIMS m/z: 286 [M]+. 13C-NMR (see Table 1). All data were identical with that of reported in literature (Hadizadeh F., et al, 2003, Gangwal A., et al, 2010). Characterization of Luteolin (2) Yellow amorphous powder. 1H- NMR à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ (300 MHz, CD3OD): 7.39 (1H, dd, J = 9.0, 1.8 Hz, H-6’) ,7.36 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-2’), 6.88 (1H, d, J = 9.0, Hz, H-5’), 6.53 (1H, s, H-3), 6.43 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-8), 6.19 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-6). EIMS m/z: 286 [M]+. 13C-NMR (see Table 1). All data were identical with that of reported in literature (Saeidnia S., et al, 2009). Results and discussion: The phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extracts of Cassia alata beans resulted in the isolation of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2). Compound (1) showed molecular ion peak at m/z 286 having molecular formula C15H10O6. Its 1H-NMR spectrum showed the characterstic peak of H-2’ and 6’ as a doublet at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  with ortho coupling of 8.7 Hz whereas H-3’ and 5’ with similar ortho coupling appeared at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.91 as a doublet.1H-NMR spectrum of 1 further displayed signals of aromatic protons as a doublet at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.19 (H-6) and at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   6.43 (H-8) showing meta coupling of 1.8 Hz. The EIMS spectrum of compound (2) is similar to (1) having same molecular mass (m/z 286) and formula (C15H10O6). In the 1H-NMR spectrum of 2 characterstic peak of H-3 appeared at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.53 as a singlet. Other important signals observed at à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  6.88 (d, J = 9.0, Hz, H-5’), à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  7.36 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-2’) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  7.39 (dd, J = 9.0, 1.8 Hz, H-6’). The aromatic protons H-6 and H-8 showed same à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and J value as in compound 1. The 13C-NMR spectrum (Table 1) of both compounds 1 and 2 displayed signals of nine quaternary and six methine carbons . All the 13C assignments are in agreement with the reported data (Gangwal A., et al, 2010, Saeidnia S., et al, 2009). The results of antibacterial activity indicated that all the methanolic extracts of C. alata (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) have potential to kill various pathogenic gram+ve and gram-ve bacteria (Table 2), whereas good antifungal activity was observed in CA-S and CA-BN extracts against Fusarium specie (Table 3). All the extracts (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) showed less than 50% inhibition of DPPH radicals in antioxidant activity (Table 4). CONCLUSION: The known flavonoids kaemferol (1) and luteolin (2) were isolated from the methanolic extracts of C. alata beans. The structure of the isolated compounds were elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques. Pharmacological investigations have indicated that all the extracts (CA-L, CA-S and CA-BN) of this plant possess significant antimicrobial and weak antioxidant activity. References: Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493–496. Bhattarchrjee, S.K. and Michael,A.M. (2004). Hand Book of Medicinal Plants. Pointer Publishers Jaipur 302003 (Raj), India, pp. 77-78. Gangwal, A., Parmar, S.K., Sheth, N.R. (2010). Vol. 2(1). Triterpenoid, flavonoids and sterols from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. Scholars Research Library. pp. 307- 317. Hadizadeh, F., Noaman, K., Hossein, H., Randa, K.A. (2003). Kaempferol from Saffron Petals. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. pp. 251-252. Joshi, S.G. (2000). Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, Calcutta, India, pp. 117. Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants.Springer.New Delhi, India, pp.126. Krishnan, M.K.S. (1992). Vol.3. The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi, India, pp. 328. Lee, S. K., Zakaria, H., Chuyng, H. L., Kuyengl, L.,Games, E. J. C., Mehta, R. J., Kinghorn, D., and Pezzuto, J. M. (1998). Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of natural products.Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening.1: 35-4 Neharkar, V.S., Gaikwad, K.G. (2011). Vol. 2(1). Hepatoprotective activity of Cassia alata (Linn.) leaves against Paracetamol-induced hepatic injury in rats. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences: pp. 783-788. Quattrocchi, U., F.L.S. (2012). Vol.5 R-Z: CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC Press Taylor Francis Group Boca Raton New York, USA, pp. 236-237. Ray, A.B., Chansouria, J.P.N. and Hemalatha, S. (2010). Medicinal Plants: antidiabetic and Hypoglycaemic Activities. ibdc Publishers Lucknow, India, pp. 95. Ross, I.A. (2003). vol.1. Medicinal Plants of the World. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, pp. 165-166. Reezal, I., Somchit, M. N. and Abdul Rahim, M. (2002). Vol.1. In vitro Antifungal Properties of Cassia alata (GELNGGANG BESAR). Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources. pp. 654-659. Saeidnia, S., Yassa, N., Rezaeipoor ,R., Shafiee, A., Gohari, A. R., Kamalinejad, M., Gooderzy, S. (2009). Vol. 17(1). Immunosuppressive principles from Achillea talagonica, an endemic species of Iran. Journals.tums.ac.ir: pp. 37-41. Table 1. C13-NMR spectral data of kaempferol (1) and luteolin (2) in CD3OD (ppm) at 75 MHz Table 2. Antibacterial activity of different extracts of Cassia alata (zone of inhibition in mm) CA-L= Cassia alata Leaves, CA-S = Cassia alata Stem, CA-BN = Cassia alata Beans. Table 3. In Vitro Antifungal activity (zone of inhibition in mm) Table 4. Antioxidant activity of Methanolic extracts of C.alata

McCarthyism: The Modern American Witchhunt :: Essays Papers

McCarthyism: The Modern American Witchhunt "Have you no sense of decency sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?" -Joseph Welch, lawyer for the Secretary of the Army Introduction By the time Republican Senator Joseph R. McCarthy gave his first speech in which he accused 205 members of President Harry Truman's democratic government of being communist on Feb. 9, 1950 there was already a lingering anti-Communist attitude in the United States. Which is why his speech, given in West Virginia, far from Washington DC, and from his home state of Wisconsin, made such an impact. Most of what he said has been forgotten, the speech was never recorded, but what he started with that speech would win him and his actions a place in American history. McCarthyism: a word synonymous with lying, government cover-ups and abuse, and the private war of one man against what he saw as a threat to the American way of life. Countless lives would be ruined by his crusade. , those of government officials and private citizens alike. When it was all over McCarthy's vehemence would bring his own downfall. MaCarthy and his followers caused panic and fear of communism in those who were ordinary citizens. For those who were targeted and accused, however, McCarthy and his followers did much more. How it was done Governmental structures, local and federal, set up various un- American activites committees. These committees were set up solely to find and prosecute communists, or suspected communists. They drew the attention of the American public in every city that they were, furthering the panic of the "red scare." They set up inquisitions to take care of their targets. Loyalty review boards were set up by President Truman in 1947, and were used quite frequently in the 1950's. Nearly all public employees were forced through these boards, although most went through swiftly without trouble. These boards were not able to imprison people, but they were able to take their jobs from them. Private industries were often more harsh on their employees suspected of being communist. To avoid public embarrassment that could be detrimental in the ultra- patriotic 1950's they would often hire people who were ultra-patriotic to weed out the communist, or suspected communists in their corporations.

From good to evil in The Lord of the Flies Essay

The Lord of the Flies by William Golding is tale of a group of young boys who become stranded on a deserted island after their plane crashes. Intertwined in this classic novel are many themes, most that relate to the inherent evil that exists in all human beings and the malicious nature of mankind. In The Lord of the Flies, Golding shows the boys’ gradual transformation from being civilized, well-mannered people to savage, ritualistic beasts. From the time that the boys land on the island, both a power struggle and the first signs of the boys’ evil, Piggy’s mockery, occur. After blowing the conch and summoning all the boys to come for an assembly, an election is held. â€Å"‘I ought to be chief’ , said Jack with simple arrogance, ‘because I’m chapter chorister and head boy'†(page 22). This represents the beginning of civilization in all of the kids (which is changed later. ) After Ralph is Chief, Jack envies his position and constantly struggles for power with Ralph throughout the rest of the novel, convincing the rest of the boys to join his tribe rather than to stay with Ralph. Also, soon after the boys arrive at the island, Piggy, a weak character, is mocked by the other boys. After trying to recount all of the liluns’ names, Piggy is told to â€Å"Shut up, Fatty,† by Jack. Ralph remarks by saying, â€Å"He’s not Fatty. His real name’s Piggy. † All of the boys on the island, except for Piggy, laugh and make themselves more comfortable at Piggy’s expense. â€Å"A storm of laughter arose and even the tiniest child joined in. For a moment the boys were a closed circuit of sympathy with Piggy outside†(page 21). That quote shows that they are starting to become uncivilized. The boys become more comfortable with one another after Piggy’s mockery and create a bond, leaving Piggy on the outside. Along with inherent evil, man is also capable of being good and kind. While Jack and Ralph are exploring the island, they encounter a piglet which Jack supposedly attempts to kill. After gaining the courage to kill the baby pig, Jack talks about it by saying â€Å"I was just waiting for a moment to decide where to stab him (page 31). † This event clearly illustrates the good in Jack, since he is hesitant to kill something. Jack almost couldn’t kill the pig, because he felt bad doing it.. Jack’s mercy is short-lived, however, and when they encounter another pig, Jack and his hunters are relentless. They return to beach ritualistically chanting â€Å"Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood,† where they excitedly explain the details of the hunt. â€Å"I cut the pig’s throat,’ said Jack, proudly, and yet twitched as he said it (page 69). Jack is internally struggling between his civilized teachings and savage instincts in this example, in which he both proudly exclaims his murder and twitches while doing so. Another example of the boys’ inherent evil is the brutal murder of the sow. Without any regard for the sow’s newborns, Jack commands his tribe to attack it. The boys â€Å"hurled themselves at her. This dreadful eruption from an unknown world made her frantic; she squealed and bucked and the air was full of sweat and noise and blood and terror† (page 135). The weird behavior of the boys in this example show that evil is starting to drive into them. After the death of the sow, the boys play with its blood and ritualistically celebrate their kill. The boys show no mercy for the sow and behave like savages. The murder of the sow allows the boys to revert back to their evilness and lose all traces of guilt and conscience. Ralph shows fatigue, a good causer of anger and dislike. He momentarily forgets the reasons why the signal fire is so important. â€Å"He tried to remember. ‘Smoke, he said, we want smoke. Course we have. The smoke’s a signal and we can’t be rescued if we don’t have smoke. I knew that! ‘ shouted Ralph† (page 172). Ralph begins to lose his initial cheerfulness and enthusiasm and replaces it with disinterest and hate. Piggy and Ralph separate themselves from Jack and his tribe. However, when Jack and his tribe kill a pig and invite Ralph and Piggy to join their feast, the two accept and cannot resist the temptation of the meat. Later on in the celebration, Jack and his tribe perform a ritualistic dance, in which Piggy and Ralph later join. â€Å"Piggy and Ralph, under the threat of the sky, found themselves eager to take a place in this demented but partly secure society† (page 152). They realize that the dance fueled the boys to murder Simon, and later deny their participation in it. â€Å"We left early, said Piggy quickly, because we were tired† (page 158). Ralph and Piggy recognize the evil in the dance, and know that if the others found out about their participation in it, then the boys would claim that Piggy and Ralph would be going against their own beliefs. Also, by not admitting their partaking in the dance, Piggy and Ralph are denying their involvement in Simon’s murder and their inherent evil. They do not believe that evil exists within them and believe that it will â€Å"disappear† if they do not believe in it. Simon and Ralph represent goodness and reason, and both encounter the Lord of the Flies. The Lord of the Flies is the head of a pig which is sacrificially given to the beast in order to preserve the boys’ safety. Simon is the first to talk with the Lord of the Flies ,and when he does, he learns that the beast (evil) is not in an animal out in the woods, but in the boys themselves. â€Å"Fancy you thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill. You knew didn’t you? I’m part of you,† (page 143) says the Lord of the Flies to Simon. The Lord of the Flies even says that the Beast is part of Simon, the symbol of goodness, suggesting that all human beings are born with both some evil and goodness. Later on while Ralph is fleeing from Jack and his tribe, he stumbles upon the Lord of the Flies. â€Å"Little prickles of sensation ran up and down his back. The teeth grinned, the empty sockets seemed to hold his gaze masterfully and without effort† (page 185). Soon after, Ralph hits the pig’s head and smashes it into pieces. By destroying the Lord of the Flies, Ralph denies his internal evil and primitive instincts. The difference between Ralph’s and Simon’s encounter with the Lord of the Flies is that Simon accepts The Lord of the Flies and listens intently to what it is saying to him. However, Ralph destroys it and then walks away from it. Both Ralph’s and Simon’s experience with the Lord of the Flies states that all men are capable of evil, and that evil is in all humans. â€Å"The Lord of the Flies† illustrates the capabilities of evil in all things. All of the boys on the island are tempted by evil, but not all of them give in to the craving. However, along with the evil that lies within all people, there is also a little bit of goodness, suggesting that all people have the free will to choose their destiny. The book clearly shows how people can turn into savage beasts.

Harry Potter- Moral and Social Lessons

Essay Draft- Discuss how the novel Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone by J. K. Rowling teaches us important moral and social lessons. Novels aren’t just a source of entertainment, they also contain important social and moral lessons. This can be seen in the novel Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone by J. K Rowling through the journey of Harry Potter and his friends in their first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.During this time they have to work together to defeat Voldemort, a gifted ex-student who tried to kill Harry when he was a baby, and Professor Quirrell, an easily manipulated current teacher, who are working with the dark side to obtain the Philosophers Stone and protect the school from evil. In their quest to protect themselves and their school they face many challenges, which test their ethics. The text transports readers to the magical world of Hogwarts while teaching them many moral and social lessons that help equip them with tools that help them live well and respectfully.Some of the lessons in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone are you need a little power and responsibility, the significance of love and the importance of friendship. Everyone needs a bit of power and responsibility, however sometimes people’s power and responsibility get to their head and it turns into a bad thing. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone Harry has a lot of power because of his fame but he is very humble about it and doesn’t think of it as a big deal, â€Å"’Blimey,’ said the other twin. â€Å"Are you-? ’ ‘He is,’ said the first twin. ‘Aren’t you? ’ he added to Harry. What? ’ said Harry. ‘Harry Potter’ chorused the twins. ‘Oh, him,’ said Harry. ‘I mean, yes, I am’† Harry also has a lot of responsibility because he is the only one that can save the Philosophers Stone however even the burden and responsibi lity of his task he manages to keep a level head and stays calm. The power does not change/define who he is, â€Å"’If anything happens to me, don’t follow. Go straight to the owlery and send Hedwig to Dumbledore, right? ’† This teaches readers an important moral lesson about how good power and responsibility can be if in the right hands.Everyone has a need and a desire to be loved. In the text Harry has a want to be loved because he comes from a miserable life where his aunty and uncle didn’t really care about him and his cousin was horrible. His biggest desire in the world is to have a real family, â€Å"’It shows us nothing more or less than the deepest, most desperate desire of our hearts. You, who have never known your family, see them standing around you. ’† Harry also has a ‘force field’ around him because of how his mother died for him, the love she had for him will always protect him from harm, â€Å"â₠¬â„¢Your mother died to save you.If there is one thing Voldemort cannot understand, it is love. He didn’t realize that love as powerful as your mother’s for you leaves its own mark. Not a scar, no visible sign†¦ to have been loved so deeply, even though the person who loved us is gone, will give us some protection forever. It is in your very skin. Quirrell, full of hatred and, greed and ambition, sharing his soul with Voldemort, could not touch you for this reason. It was agony to touch a person marked by something so good. ’† Knowing the importance of love is a useful social lesson that the text teaches readers.Lastly, the book Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone teaches readers about the importance of friendship. Before Harry went to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, he had no friends and was nervous about attending the school. Once he arrives he bonds with Ron and Hermione over their shared fear because of the high expectations laid u pon them. But without Hermione and Ron Harry would never have been able to retrieve the Philosophers Stone, Hermione’s brain saves them when they are stuck in the Devil’s Snare, â€Å"’Devil’s Snare, Devil’s Snare†¦ What did Professor Sprout say?It likes the dark and the damp-‘† Also without Ron’s knowledge of chess they wouldn’t have been able to pass the giant chess set and because of their friendship Ron sacrificed himself to protect his friends so they could continue on their journey to obtain the Philosophers Stone. â€Å"’That’s chess! ’ snapped Ron. ‘Ron you’ve got to make sacrifices! I’ll make my move and she’ll take me – that leaves you free to checkmate the king, Harry! ’† Friendship is a crucial part of our society with social contact we would not be truly happy, the book teaches us this important social lesson.The novel Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone by J. K. Rowling is an adventure packed fantasy novel, but it still teaches its teachers social and moral lessons. In this text it portrays the importance of friendship, the need for love and a little rebellion is sometimes ok. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. I need to add another sentence in here†¦ Nutshell Statement maybe†¦ The fantasy novel Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone by J. K. Rowling is the story of young Harry Potter who one morning in his pretty miserable life discovers he is a wizard†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Power and responsibility * A little rebellion is sometimes necessary The importance of friendship Page of quotes Paragraph 1 Power and Responsibility â€Å"’Blimey,’ said the other twin. â€Å"Are you-? ’ ‘He is,’ said the first twin. ‘Aren’t you? ’ he added to Harry. ‘What? ’ said Harry. ‘Harry Potter’ chorused the twins. ‘Oh, him,’ said Harry. ‘I mea n, yes, I am’† â€Å"’If anything happens to me, don’t follow. Go straight to the owlery and send Hedwig to Dumbledore, right? ’† Paragraph 2 The significance of love â€Å"’It shows us nothing more or less than the deepest, most desperate desire of our hearts. You, who have never known your family, see them standing around you. † â€Å"’Your mother died to save you. If there is one thing Voldemort cannot understand, it is love. He didn’t realize that love as powerful as your mother’s for you leaves its own mark. Not a scar, no visible sign†¦ to have been loved so deeply, even though the person who loved us is gone, will give us some protection forever. It is in your very skin. Quirrell, full of hatred and, greed and ambition, sharing his soul with Voldemort, could not touch you for this reason. It was agony to touch a person marked by something so good. ’† Paragraph 3 The importance of Lo ve

Human resource management in Small Organizations Essay

Much of our knowledge of human resource management involves large organizations with dedicated human resource departments and staff, but what about small organizations? Small organizations recruit, compensate, do performance management, and many of the same tasks as large organizations. There are certain things that can be mapped effectively from large to small organizations, but what happens to the rest that do not map? A small organization can not simply let things slip through the cracks based on size or ignorance of laws, rules, or requirements. This is what makes human resource management not only important in small organizations, but essential for their long term success. Human resource (HR) management is an issue that affects every type of organization large and small alike. The majority of research and information that is easily accessible though is for larger organizations with a staff of human resource professionals. While it is true that much of the information for larger organizations can be applied to smaller organizations the majority of things do not. This raises the question: is the practice of human resource management necessary in small organizations or is it simply for the Fortune 500 companies of the world? I propose that not only is human resource management important to small organizations, but it is essential for their long term success. Traditionally, Small organizations have always had limited resources. Many times they completely overlook the importance of a human resources department. In doing so, they elect to omit the department in their business model. This common oversight shifts the burden of specific HR responsibilities to other members of the staff. Most often, these members of management are not trained or experience in human resource management, nor are they schooled in policies and procedures. Because of this, many HR tasks fall through the cracks. These short falls do not negate laws, rules, and other employer responsibilities that cover human resource management. These regulations still apply to all organizations regardless of size. The lack of understanding creates a liability for small organizations because hey feel that they are exempt based on their size. They simply do not have an understanding of all the laws, rules, and other responsibilities that an educated human resource professional would. Without a dedicated HR department, the small business lacks a proper understanding and vision of human resource policies and procedures. This deficiency will also create problems for a small organization. Typically, most small organizations are focused on increasing sales, adding new products and services, and increasing profits. All these objectives are to be met with the aforementioned limited resources. What many small businesses overlook is that proper understanding and implementation of HR policies and procedures is vital to any business. This should be the center piece of any organization; large or small. Small businesses should create a solid foundation by creating a policies and procedures manual. While creating a policies and procedures manual is time consuming, it is essential for successful employee relations. These policies and procedures not only create an understanding between management and employee of what is expected, but most importantly, what is not expected. Often time’s small organizations assume that common sense should be the guide in determining human resource practices. This leaves too many things open to interpretation and can lead to liabilities that can damage or even end a small organization. Policies on sexual harassment, retaliation, Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, and a host of other legal policies must be stated and understood by everyone in the workplace. There are many legal institutions just waiting for organizations to ignore these laws. Creating a policies and procures manual will put in writing what is not tolerated while protecting the small organization. It also will keep the business from being negligent in the protection of its employees. Liabilities are a real threat that face many small organizations; both in the short and long term scope. It does not matter if the organization is liable because of a lack of knowledge or truly negligent; the law only cares if an organization breaks it and not why. Liability issues while vital to the success of the organization are not important if there are no employees. Without employees, the organization cannot sell its goods or services and has no purpose to exist. While a human resource department is important because of liability, there are other issues that are the core responsibility of an HR director that are also key components to the success of a small organization. HR professionals must manage recruitment, compensation, retention, training, and performance. The next key component and considered to be the most important by many, including myself, is that of recruiting. The lack of a formal human resource department and policies make this important component the most challenging. Selection of staff starts with the challenge of who is going to do it. This task often falls on key management personnel and even the president/CEO of the organization. This often impacts the primary responsibilities of this person that directly affect the small organizations ability to increase and make profit. Once the person is selected he/she faces many challenges in the quest for a new staff member or members. The first of these is limited financial resources to spend on recruitment. The lack of money that can be spend limits the amount of areas the open position can be broadcast and there by limiting the pool of qualifies candidates. The popularity of Craigslist and other free online classified internet sites have cut the cost of spreading the word of open positions, but still only reach a limited audience. The ability to add open positions to a small organizations own website is also a free option, but once again limits the exposure to only people coming to its website. The more poplar websites like Monster, Career Builder, and Snag-a-Job reach a larger audience, but cost money. To increase the candidate pool from only online audience to print audience also this is another added expense to an already limited budget. Once the interview process starts there are several other issues that small organizations face. The first of these is the credibility of the organization. Credibility is hurt from even the practice of only posting open positions on a Craigslist. The amount of scams and illegimate business has made the public skeptical of many free sites like Craigslist so the free ad is not entirely free. A Fortune 500 company such as FedEx has no trouble with name recognition or creditability unlike Mailway Delivery, a small package courier. The problem of credibility for the Mailway Delivery’s of the world is another challenge that small organizations face. The next issue is the need of most small organizations employee’s to perform multiple roles. This could include answering phones, sending out mail, and various other duties that everyone shares to keep employee costs down. A candidate from a large corporation might have a specific duty that is his/her only task and that is what they are expected to focus on. In small organization tasks are far less defined and could even change regularly depending on the needs of the organization. This is why small organizations also focus on personal credentials or organizational fit when selecting a candidate. These issues have lead many small organizations to begin a new way of thinking about recruiting. This new way of thinking is outsourcing recruiting to companies such as Manpower, Talent Force and other professional recruiting organizations to take on the small organizations recruiting tasks. These recruiting organizations can provide highly trained human resource professionals and services that can reduce the time key management are taken away from their jobs and put it in the hands of the recruitment organization. The recruitment organization provides not only the benefit of the recruitment, but an array of other services such as benefit administration, payroll services, training, employee relations, and a host of other human resource tasks. This cost is significantly lower for the small organization than hiring someone plus the amount of exposure to liability issues is cut down significantly. These firms also have the option of temporary labor, seasonal labor, and other not permanent labor solutions. They can also be used as an almost try before you buy approach to hiring new people. Another important component to the success of a small organization is that of compensation. This is an important topic in any organization and small organizations are no exception. Compensation is important to several aspects of small organizations including recruitment and retention of staff. It is as simple as if the organization can not pay a fair amount for staff then recruitment will be hard and retention even harder. The limited amount of resources in small organizations makes creating an enticing compensation plan for recruiting and retention a challenge. This has lead small organizations to come up with some different strategies on pay levels, pay mixes, pay structure, benefits and pay raises, but the majority emphasis is placed on pay mix. The pay mix of small organizations focus more on pays incentives than base pay. This pay mix allows the small organization to use the saved cash on labor to reinvest in the company and freeing up scarce resources. This also provides motivation for the staff to achieve goals, increase productivity, and have an overall stake in the success of the organization. These pay incentives can be either short or long term. Short term pay incentives in small organizations may include things like stock and/or profit sharing. The reasoning of why this is a successful is simple. It provides the employee with a tangible reward for his/her work in making the organization successful. This gives the employee to achieve a larger goal with a greater reward based on long term pay incentives. Long term pay incentives are typically a larger stake in the company through some form of equity, stock, stock options, or some other stock based program. This in itself continues the motivation even when this is achieved because the employee begins to identify with management based on their ownership stake in the company. This works extremely well in the high technology organizations, but can be used in almost all organizations. Pay structure in small organizations tend to have far less levels of management and organizational hierarchy so rewards and pay rate are not an indication of status among employees. Pay raises in small organizations are often not given in the same way at large organizations. Small organizations see payroll as a fixed cost and are often not willing to increase this without the success of the organization. This is why short and long term pay incentives and organizational fit play such an important part in the retention of staff. If the employee does not feel the company will be successful they will not be satisfied with a lower base salary because of the lack of faith in the success of the organization. Benefits are a department where small organizations suffer based on the scarce resources available and the high cost of employee retirement plans, company pension plans, and life insurance type options. This is where the long term pay incentives of stock options and ownership in the company have to be a substitute for standard large organization benefit packages. One benefit that small organizations do benefit the most and many choose to invest in is that of education help or reimbursement. This helps the employee by free or subsidized education and the small organization can oftentimes fill gaps in education because of the diversity of job needs. An accountant that also helps with I. T. needs would benefit his/her self as well as the company if he/she took I. T. training classes from the local community college. This not only benefits the employee, but the organization also. This makes education the best benefit for any small organization to invest in. Benefits in small organization may seem unorthodox to many traditional human resource standards, but they are necessary to help recruit and retain the best staff they can. In small organizations it is important to look at compensation from a total view, meaning looking not just at base salary and incentives, but at psychological rewards, learning opportunities, and individual recognition. Retention is an important aspect of staffing that impacts all companies and can be devastating to small organizations. Employees are the most important asset of any small organization and the instability of losing an important asset can cause havoc. Employee retention not only affects a small organization in losing a valuable asset it is an added expensive of finding and training someone else. This combined with any education paid for by the small organization is lost. The goal then of the small organization is to retain the valuable employees through the bonus programs, family type work structure, and many of the other psychological benefits small organizations have to offer. This will lead to lower cost and more efficiency in the organization. Performance management in small organizations does incorporate some parts of compensation such short and long term incentives, training, and other rewards it mostly focuses on performance evaluation processes, disciplinary actions, the laying off of employees and the termination of employees. Often the lack of formal procedures that was discussed earlier comes into play and can negatively effect the organization. The lack of written expectations, rules, and procures open the small organization up to law suits and other liabilities. Performance evaluations, disciplinary procedures, and the law involving termination of employees are important issues small organizations need to spend time on. Training in small organizations is another important component of human resource management effects on the organization. Often times in small organizations the roles of employees are altered, shifted, and sometimes even changed to meet the demand at the time. The amount of change in roles requires that employees stay trained in the area or areas they are working in order to be effective in their job. There are several different types of training that are most common in large and small organizations alike. The first type of training is what most people associate with the word training, formal classroom training. This type of training has been shown to have a positive impact on workers, but is costly in time and money for the organization. This makes formal training for small organizations not the most efficient with some exceptions. Those exceptions are trade association training classes, college seminars, and in house training. Another option that was discussed earlier in the paper was also tuition reimbursement / tuition assistance that are options for formal training. The most common for of training for small organizations is unstructured or most often referred to as on the job training. This is even a selling point in a lot of recruiting efforts of small organizations. The hands on training that a small organization can provide is valuable to the employee as they can not often times get that at a formal training facility. This form of training is often seen as less structured which allows for more interaction and increased learning in many cases. Another form of training that is a new form of training that can be supplemented with formal and informal training is based on social psychology that uses socialization to train new employees. This approach uses socialization to teach the new employee their role in the organization, adjust to job requirements and the culture of the new job. The small organizations have been found to benefit more from this type of training because the new employee is more quickly invited to meetings, asked to go to lunch, and work closer with people than a larger organization. This results in feeling part of the team quicker and learning more quickly. The need for human resource management begins the second the first employee is hired regardless of the size of the organization. The seemingly simple process of hiring, firing, and paying employees is filled with many unseen obstacles that can create problems for a small organization. Effective human resource management has a direct effect on the success of a small organization. It has been said throughout the paper of a small organizations most valuable asset being its employees. This is why human resource management is key to the success of any small organization.

Research Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Research Method - Essay Example With improvements in computing technology, information stored in online databases are accessible from distant locations when there is connection between the sources. The method used is keyword and subject headings describe the content of every item in the database. The keyword searching is how you typically search web search engines.   Searching by subject headings is the most accurate way to search literature in the databases. It is not normally easy to presume which subject headings or keywords to use in a particular database. The process is as follows: Combine your keyword to yield results that matches what you are searching by using word such as AND or OR. You can also apply dates to filter search and the time span with which the articles was published. Specify the database that you are going search and use keyword that can be accessed easily via that database. This stage allows you to establish the credibility of your search by considering factors such as the geographical area it covers, credibility and whether it is up-to-date. Other factors to consider include language used and whether it is consistent with the prevailing situation. Using web-based  service by creating a database of references, which will help in recognizing the sources the next time you visit the database. Also, create a list of references (bibliography), save and other website services that can help you trace the